Foster Students’ Numeracy Skills to Give Math Meaning

by Stephanie Gold

Numeracy is more than just learning how to count or perform calculations—it’s about using mathematics to make sense of the world. Like literacy, numeracy is essential for daily life, helping individuals reason mathematically, solve problems, and make informed decisions. However, there isn’t a single, universally agreed-upon definition of numeracy. Some experts describe it as the ability to use mathematics in everyday situations (also called quantitative or mathematical literacy), while others emphasize higher-order problem-solving and reasoning skills. In either case, numeracy is about using mathematics to make sense of the world and applying mathematics in a context for a social purpose. 

What is Mathematical Literacy?

As society becomes increasingly digitized, the ability to interpret and use mathematical information is more important than ever. From managing finances and evaluating data to understanding scientific and societal issues, numeracy is a critical skill for engaged and informed citizens. But how can schools and teachers effectively support numeracy development in younger grades?

The terms “numeracy” and “mathematical literacy” are used interchangeably in many places. In both cases, the emphasis is an individual’s capacity to reason mathematically and to formulate, employ, and interpret mathematics to solve problems in a variety of real-world contexts. In order to do this, learners need to develop concepts, procedures, facts, and tools to describe, explain, and predict phenomena. Numeracy is an essential component in helping individuals know the role that mathematics plays in the world and make the well-founded judgments and decisions needed by constructive, engaged and reflective 21st century citizens. (OECD, 2020)

Before students can effectively apply mathematics to real-world situations, they need a strong foundation in basic mathematical concepts. Early numeracy skills, such as number recognition, counting, understanding place value, and mastering basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), serve as the building blocks for more advanced problem-solving and reasoning. Students need a range of mathematical knowledge, skills, understandings and dispositions to solve problems in real contexts across personal, further learning, work, and community settings. Fluency in these foundational skills allows students to approach mathematical challenges with confidence, recognize patterns, and make connections between concepts. Without this solid groundwork, higher-order skills like critical thinking, estimation, and quantitative reasoning become difficult to develop. Just as learning to read begins with phonics and letter recognition, mathematical literacy starts with these essential early math experiences.

Strategies for Fostering Numeracy

To foster numeracy, students need opportunities to develop and apply mathematical understanding in meaningful ways. This requires moving beyond isolated skill practice and creating engaging, hands-on experiences that connect math to real-world contexts. By incorporating effective instructional strategies, educators can help students build confidence, deepen their understanding, and develop the critical thinking skills essential for strong numeracy.

Key Strategies:

1) Practice Real-World Applications

• Have students compare prices, calculate discounts, or estimate totals while grocery shopping.
• Measure ingredients and adjust recipes to reinforce fractions and proportions.
• Complete simple construction activities to help students practice measurement, estimation, and geometry.
• Discuss time management and planning to help children understand concepts of time and sequencing.

2) Use Hands-On and Visual Learning Tools

• Use manipulatives like blocks, counters, and number lines to help students develop a concrete understanding of numbers.
• Use visual graphs and charts to make numerical data more accessible and engaging for young learners.
• Find uses for educational technology and interactive games to reinforce key numeracy skills in an engaging way.

3) Develop Mathematical Language and Thinking

• Encourage students to explain their reasoning aloud.
• Use questioning techniques such as “How do you know?” or “Can you think of another way to solve this?”
• Introduce vocabulary words related to numeracy, such as estimate, pattern, and data.
• Encourage a growth mindset by reinforcing that making mistakes is part of learning.

4) Differentiate Instruction Based on Student Needs

• Use a variety of instructional approaches (e.g., visual, auditory, kinesthetic).
• Provide targeted small-group instruction for students needing additional support.
• Offer extension challenges for students ready to advance their numeracy skills.

Numeracy is the ability to use mathematical understanding to make sense of the world, solve real-life problems, and make informed decisions. Building strong foundational skills, connecting math to real-world contexts, and using engaging, differentiated instruction are key strategies for developing mathematical literacy in students.

References:

OECD. (2020). PISA 2022 mathematics framework. OECD Publishing. https://pisa2022-maths.oecd.org/

About the author

Stephanie Gold brings over two decades of experience in educational leadership, curriculum development, and digital learning to her role as a Learning Designer at Edmentum. With a deep-seated passion for transforming education through technology, Stephanie has held pivotal roles in STEM education, course design, and school leadership, notably influencing digital curriculum development across various educational settings. 

With a Master of Arts in Science Education from New York University and now pursuing a Master's program in Instructional Design and Technology, Stephanie is adept at integrating pedagogical expertise with technological acumen to craft educational experiences that resonate with both students and educators. Her journey through the educational landscape includes leadership positions in Independent Schools, Online Schools, and the development of Professional Learning Platforms.